4’33“
- John Cage

Cage’s famous silent piece. Although written in 1952, the composer had already thought about it as early as 1948, where he mentioned it as “Silent Prayer” in his article “A Composer’s Confessions.” In the work, no intentional sounds are made throughout its duration. Its first version contains 3 movements lasting 33”, 2’40”, and 1’20”, each chance determined. Later Cage reworked the piece, creating a wholly different composition from the original. Much has been written about 4’33” and about Cage’s ideas behind its silence. Two of the most prevalent ideas are that a) silence does not exist; one simply should listen and open one’s ears, b) silence is a means to separate tones and chords, in order to avoid melodic interpretations to the relationships between and among sounds. However, according to David Tudor, as quoted in the interview materials contained in Peter Dickinson’s Cage Talk (2006), 4’33” was for Cage a simple and quite natural extension of his use of chance operations applied to sounds and silences in composition, with silences, in this case, comprising the entire gamut of materials at his disposal.